晚期肿瘤病人的真实病程是什么样的,怎么样客观面对?
<h2 style="color: black; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 10px;">晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>从确诊到死亡,有<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>不同的病程表现,<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间可能很短,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>可能很长,有的<span style="color: black;">能够</span>达到5年以上。得益于治疗水平的进步,新的靶向<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和免疫<span style="color: black;">药品</span>层出不穷,晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">存活</span>时间<span style="color: black;">亦</span>越来越长,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>像晚期甲状腺乳头状癌、胃肠道间质瘤、喉癌(声门型)、鼻咽癌、小肠癌等,5年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率<span style="color: black;">已然</span>达到40%以上(<span style="color: black;">详细</span>数据详见《全网首份癌症预后大数据排名<span style="color: black;">鲜嫩</span>出炉!张煜<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>最新整理》)。</h2>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不少<span style="color: black;">病人</span>和家属可能对癌症晚期过度恐惧,认为病人会<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">长期</span>的巨大痛苦,担心遭受<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">熬煎</span>,本文简单的描述大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的真实病程,可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的种种症状以及何时容易<span style="color: black;">显现</span>,以此<span style="color: black;">帮忙</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>和家属更好地<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span>的发展过程,减轻<span style="color: black;">大众</span>的恐惧心理。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">绝大部分<span style="color: black;">没</span>法治愈晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,从确诊到死亡,<span style="color: black;">能够</span>大致的分为三个<span style="color: black;">周期</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. 肿瘤维持好转期</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>都有一线和二线的标准治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>,有相当多的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>治疗后肿瘤稳定<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">显著</span>缩小、<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>消失,这<span style="color: black;">便是</span>肿瘤得到了<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>,维持原样<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>好转,<span style="color: black;">叫作</span>为肿瘤的维持好转期。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这段时间可长可短,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,维持好转期经常<span style="color: black;">能够</span>达到6个月<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>1年以上,有时<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>3-5年以上;但有的恶性程度高的肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>则可能非常短,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>用任何<span style="color: black;">方法</span>都失败,肿瘤边治疗边生长,相当于直接进入下一<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">除了前面<span style="color: black;">说到</span>的5年<span style="color: black;">存活</span>率较高的恶性肿瘤,激素<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>的晚期乳腺癌、前列腺癌、有<span style="color: black;">敏锐</span>靶点的肺腺癌,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>治疗效果不错,就可能达到数年<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>更久。反之,<span style="color: black;">有些</span>恶性程度高的晚期胰腺癌、胆管癌、小细胞肺癌等,维持好转期<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">仅有</span>数月,很难超过1年。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这段时间,肿瘤得到<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>之后,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>只会带来轻度症状<span style="color: black;">或</span><span style="color: black;">无</span>症状,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>关注的反而是治疗带来的毒副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>。治疗带来的副<span style="color: black;">功效</span>可轻可重,但整体而言,<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>和剂量,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的毒副<span style="color: black;">功效</span><span style="color: black;">通常</span>不严重,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可耐受。简单地理解,这个<span style="color: black;">周期</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>肿瘤及治疗带来的痛苦较轻<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>很轻,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>体力<span style="color: black;">亦</span>较好,生活质量比较高。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">我之前<span style="color: black;">亦</span>反复强调过,这段时间(<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是数月到数年)是晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>最为宝贵的时间,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>珍视和好好规划。<span style="color: black;">病人</span>或家属<span style="color: black;">能够</span>把<span style="color: black;">始终</span>想做的事完成,不留遗憾,而不只是单纯地活着,要学会让自己开心和<span style="color: black;">欢快</span>,充实的度过这段时间。 </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. 肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>经过治疗后,尽管<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>人有效<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>数年,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>晚期<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">最后</span>会<span style="color: black;">药品</span>失效,进入肿瘤<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>的<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,这是在肿瘤维持好转期和肿瘤终末期之间的<span style="color: black;">周期</span>。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">很遗憾,肿瘤的<span style="color: black;">发展</span>是不可避免的,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>即使最先进的医疗技术都<span style="color: black;">没</span>法阻止。随着肿瘤<span style="color: black;">持续</span><span style="color: black;">发展</span>,原发和转移的病灶会侵犯<span style="color: black;">周边</span>的组织,产生<span style="color: black;">各样</span>不同的症状。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">脑转移<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>头痛<span style="color: black;">头昏</span>、行走歪斜等症状;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺转移会<span style="color: black;">导致</span>咳嗽、咯血和<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难等症状;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝转移<span style="color: black;">导致</span>右上腹不适、食欲差、消瘦等症状;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">腹膜转移<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">海量</span>腹水<span style="color: black;">导致</span>腹胀,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>肠梗阻<span style="color: black;">导致</span>恶心和反复呕吐等症状;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨转移<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">明显</span>的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">乃至</span>骨折,其中颈、胸、腰椎的骨折可能<span style="color: black;">引起</span>瘫痪;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">其余<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的还有乏力、便秘、发热、<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>、焦虑等<span style="color: black;">平常</span>症状。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">不同的转移灶、不同的转移部位和<span style="color: black;">体积</span>会给不同的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>带来程度不同的症状。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>在<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期,肿瘤会<span style="color: black;">持续</span>增大,症状<span style="color: black;">亦</span>会<span style="color: black;">逐步</span>加重。<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">恰当</span>的<span style="color: black;">药品</span>和局部治疗,这些症状虽然很难完全缓解,但<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>不同程度的减轻,<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的痛苦程度<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>轻到中度,很少有重度。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,别过于担心。(<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>有时用<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>短暂延缓<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>进程,但经常<span style="color: black;">火速</span>继续<span style="color: black;">发展</span>)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">这个时间过程<span style="color: black;">一般</span>是<span style="color: black;">几周</span>到数月时间,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>并不长。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">重视</span>:肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期中<span style="color: black;">亦</span>有一部分<span style="color: black;">病人</span>会<span style="color: black;">显现</span>加速<span style="color: black;">发展</span>的状态,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>肿瘤<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">快速</span>增大,症状<span style="color: black;">快速</span>加重或新<span style="color: black;">显现</span>多种症状,并且用<span style="color: black;">各样</span>治疗都很难减轻症状,这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>痛苦程度较高,并且,经常<span style="color: black;">火速</span>会进入终末期。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">3. 肿瘤终末期</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">终末期英文经常叫做Terminal stage或end-stage,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>指的是<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的肿瘤负荷严重(<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">已然</span>完全卧床),一个或多个脏器<span style="color: black;">起始</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>,生命即将终结时。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">绝大<span style="color: black;">都数</span>终末期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>都会不可避免地承受<span style="color: black;">各样</span>痛苦,很遗憾,经常是严重的痛苦。<span style="color: black;">例如</span>:</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肺癌<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>严重的<span style="color: black;">连续</span>的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>困难,并且难以缓解;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">脑转移<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>不住的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>非常严重的头痛和癫痫<span style="color: black;">爆发</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">肝转移严重的<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>严重黄疸和谵妄;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">骨转移<span style="color: black;">病人</span>可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>极其严重的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>;</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">并且,大<span style="color: black;">都数</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>会合并营养不良和恶液质,消瘦的非常<span style="color: black;">显著</span>,家属看着心痛的那种。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">幸运的是,在这些症状中,<span style="color: black;">因为</span>治疗的<span style="color: black;">发展</span>,<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>既是<span style="color: black;">非常多</span><span style="color: black;">病人</span>害怕的症状,又是相对最容易<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的症状。(关于晚期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的治疗,后面会单独再写<span style="color: black;">文案</span>介绍。)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">尽管<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>整体<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>的不错,终末期<span style="color: black;">病人</span>仍然有相当多的症状,难以有效的缓解,<span style="color: black;">始终</span>到<span style="color: black;">病人</span>失去<span style="color: black;">感觉</span>,陷入深<span style="color: black;">晕倒</span>为止。<span style="color: black;">非常多</span>家属会觉得心碎,我<span style="color: black;">亦</span>不<span style="color: black;">晓得</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span>安慰,只能说幸好,这段时间<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>很短,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>数天到<span style="color: black;">几周</span>。我<span style="color: black;">始终</span>反对终末期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>进行有创<span style="color: black;">救治</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是<span style="color: black;">由于</span>这个<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">由于</span>终末期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>都存在着痛苦并且可能是难以忍受的痛苦,家属以为有创<span style="color: black;">救治</span>和延续了<span style="color: black;">必定</span>的生命,但<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">由于</span>有创<span style="color: black;">救治</span>和后续的治疗,痛苦<span style="color: black;">特别有</span>可能加重并<span style="color: black;">明显</span>延长了时间。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">两种少见的<span style="color: black;">状况</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">另外</span>,晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>还存在两种少见的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,一好一坏。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">1. 好的<span style="color: black;">状况</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">恶性程度低的晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,<span style="color: black;">例如</span>单发或转移数量少,还有手术机会,经过积极的手术加综合治疗,达到临床治愈状态,这种比例很低。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>合并多发转移,<span style="color: black;">无</span>手术机会,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>人品大爆发,对<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗的效果极好,<span style="color: black;">运用</span>之后所有肿瘤完全消失,并<span style="color: black;">始终</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>。这种<span style="color: black;">状况</span>比例更低的多,非常罕见,<span style="color: black;">然则</span>总是存在。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>直接就放弃治疗,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>追求这一线生机。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">2. 坏的<span style="color: black;">状况</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">晚期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>在治疗过程中突发各种意外事件:突发心脑血管<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>、突发大<span style="color: black;">流血</span>、突发肺栓塞、化疗<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的严重感染或肝功能<span style="color: black;">衰尽</span>、免疫治疗<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的心肌炎等,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">便是</span>病程中突发的<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">疾患</span><span style="color: black;">或</span>治疗的严重副反应<span style="color: black;">引起</span>的死亡。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">按照</span>我的临床经验,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>极端痛苦难以缓解的只是极<span style="color: black;">少许</span>,除了终末期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>,大部分<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的症状处理得当的话,<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">长期</span>得到<span style="color: black;">显著</span>的<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>和缓解,经常<span style="color: black;">能够</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>数月到数年。<span style="color: black;">因此</span>,<span style="color: black;">亦</span>请<span style="color: black;">病人</span>和家属不要过度焦虑晚期肿瘤带来的痛苦。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">好好<span style="color: black;">爱惜</span>肿瘤维持好转期的时光,在肿瘤<span style="color: black;">发展</span>期<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">想要</span>办法有效缓解<span style="color: black;">各样</span>症状,<span style="color: black;">然则</span><span style="color: black;">针对</span>终末期肿瘤<span style="color: black;">病人</span>的多种症状,<span style="color: black;">大夫</span>确实经常<span style="color: black;">无</span>太好的办法,但<span style="color: black;">最少</span><span style="color: black;">能够</span>想尽办法减轻<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>症状。</p>
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