I指南与规范I 北京市癌症病痛护理专家共识(2018 版)
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_gif/olMDHtXgmVuJyhpictH3RGgbfcYTabLat8WuI4k07zyvUzU9fIYvZjMU0iasqRQumV8XCte3y6Xoy2S4gev3aaAQ/640?wx_fmt=gif&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">北京市癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>护理专家共识(2018 版)</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">北京护理学会肿瘤专业委员会 </strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">北京市<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗质量<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>和改进中心</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/Ljib4So7yuWjEdaHZFLViaosVs8EaAicuvvoQKvD8DDKQibn6Qtks5MAtDIerldf6PG4T18Y60P0tPrqfDKhM39CMQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;">北京市癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>护理专家共识(2018 版)编写组名单(按姓氏笔画排序):</strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">王云(北京大学肿瘤医院中西医结合暨老年肿瘤科)、王兆霞(煤炭总医院护理部)、王培(北京医院肿瘤科)、冯葳(中国人民解放军总医院肿瘤中心)、田红梅(首都医科大学<span style="color: black;">附庸</span>北京世纪坛医院护理部)、许丽媛(中日友好医院<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>科)、陆宇晗(北京大学肿瘤医院护理部)、张红(北京大学肿瘤医院护理部)、杨阳(中日友好医院<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>科)、何瑞仙(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院护理部)、易慧娟(中国人民解放军第307 医院消化肿瘤科)、陈雅枚(北京大学第三医院肿瘤科)、国仁秀(北京大学肿瘤医院消化肿瘤内科)、郑莹(北京协和医院肿瘤内科)、赵菁(中日友好医院护理部)、樊碧发(中日友好医院<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>科)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">1、</span>概述</span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">国际<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>学会(International Association for theStudy of Pain, IASP) 将<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>定义为“由现有的或潜在的组织<span style="color: black;">损害</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>或与<span style="color: black;">损害</span><span style="color: black;">相关</span>的感觉和<span style="color: black;">心情</span>上不愉快的体验”。<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>是癌症病人最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的症状之一,在我国,初诊癌症病人<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率为25%,晚期癌症病人中有60% ~ 80% 伴有<span style="color: black;">区别</span>程度的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>严重影响了癌症病人的生活质量,在躯体方面,表现为活动耐力下降、功能<span style="color: black;">衰退</span>、恶心、食欲不振、失眠等;在心理精神方面,表现为注意力不集中、焦虑、恐惧、抑郁,严重者可能失去<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>、<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">自s</span>倾向;在社会交往方面,表现为社会活动减少、孤独、依赖性<span style="color: black;">增多</span>等。1995 年,美国<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>学会主席James Campbell 首次提出将<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>列为第五大生命指征;2001 年亚太地区<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>论坛提出“解除<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>是病人的基本权利”。2002 年第10 届IASP大会上专家达成共识—慢性<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>是一种<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>。<span style="color: black;">日前</span>,世界卫生组织已<span style="color: black;">知道</span>将<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>定为继血压、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>、脉搏、体温之后的第五大生命指征,从而提出了<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">护士是病人最直接、最密切、最连续的照顾者,由此最能<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>病人的需求并<span style="color: black;">供给</span>专业支持和辅导。在癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的全程管理中,从<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>筛查、<span style="color: black;">评定</span>、给药护理、非药物<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>、病人教育到<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>随访,护士均发挥着<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。为进一步规范<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理,充分发挥护士在癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,现<span style="color: black;">协同</span>《北京市癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理规范》(2017 年版),<span style="color: black;">同期</span>结合北京市癌痛质量督导中存在的护理问题制订本共识,以期为临床癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理的护理实践<span style="color: black;">供给</span>指引。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">2、</span>筛查</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">因为</span>癌症病人<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的<span style="color: black;">出现</span>率比较高,美国国立综合癌症网络(NCCN) <span style="color: black;">颁布</span>《成人癌痛治疗指南》(2016 版)<span style="color: black;">尤其</span>强调了<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>筛查的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>性,<span style="color: black;">知道</span>提出医护人员在每一次接诊病人时都要对其进行<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>筛查。</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>筛查的目的是找出<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人和预期可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的病人。对筛查出的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人应进行全面<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,并<span style="color: black;">供给</span>规范的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">方法</span>;<span style="color: black;">针对</span>预期可能<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的病人,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>将行伤口处理、脊髓穿刺、腰椎穿刺、皮肤和骨髓活检、动静脉置管等操作,应在诱发<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的动作<span style="color: black;">起始</span>前一<span style="color: black;">按时</span>间给予半衰期较短的即释型阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>,或局部<span style="color: black;">麻木</span>药、或非<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">办法</span>预防<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。<span style="color: black;">另外</span>,接受放化疗,可能会<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">周边</span>神经炎或放射性神经<span style="color: black;">损害</span>的病人,<span style="color: black;">亦</span><span style="color: black;">必须</span>进行<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>筛查并给予恰当的预防<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">护士应为病人<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>筛查,包括门诊就诊和住院治疗的癌症病人,对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>及预期<span style="color: black;">出现</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的病人能够做到<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>、<span style="color: black;">初期</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">3、</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)原则</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>是病人的主观感受,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,病人的主诉是<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>的核心标准,<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>应以病人的主诉为依据,相信和尊重病人的主诉,并如实记录。<span style="color: black;">一般</span>不以病人的面容表情的变化、生命体征的改变以及医护人员的主观感知判断癌症病人的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>有语言沟通<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>或严重认知功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>如<span style="color: black;">痴傻</span>或谵妄的病人,医护人员很难<span style="color: black;">得到</span><span style="color: black;">她们</span>的主诉,<span style="color: black;">从而</span>因<span style="color: black;">忽略</span>而使病人<span style="color: black;">处在</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>不良的状态。美国<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗护理协会(ASPMN) <span style="color: black;">举荐</span>对<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用言语沟通的病人进行<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>可遵循以下原则:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. <span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>技巧的优先级别依次为:①尽可能得到病人的主诉;②寻找<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的潜在<span style="color: black;">原由</span>和其他病因;③观察病人有<span style="color: black;">没</span>提示其<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>存在的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>;④得到病人<span style="color: black;">重点</span>照顾者关于病人的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>和<span style="color: black;">行径</span>改变</span><span style="color: black;">的答复;⑤尝试用<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">实验</span>缓解可能因<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">行径</span>改变。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. <span style="color: black;">创立</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>程序。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. 应用合适的<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4. 最小化强调生理指标(即不依赖生命体征的变化<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5. 再<span style="color: black;">评定</span>和记录。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>时<span style="color: black;">必须</span>遵循以下原则:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. <span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>的目的<span style="color: black;">选取</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>:初次进行<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗前、病情变化<span style="color: black;">导致</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>部位、性质等<span style="color: black;">出现</span>变化时均需进行全面<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>。进行全面<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>应<span style="color: black;">选取</span>多维度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>,如简明<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>量表(brief pain inventory, BPI)(见表1)。在阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>滴定过程中或<span style="color: black;">药品</span>剂量<span style="color: black;">调节</span>中,为了确定<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>缓解程度,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>仅需<span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度。<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>单维度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>,如数字<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度<span style="color: black;">评定</span>量表(numeric rating scale, NRS)(见图1)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/olMDHtXgmVu9kblfMgdsVf882OS2ia56tPn8GicmWbPRQyMEk2VjlX7icfUePreTPfgWvU6uTZUN8MnBSSeQE847A/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/olMDHtXgmVu9kblfMgdsVf882OS2ia56tdheQubGNZhJD9oVcU5UYU7PfyEeatYuxGibZAj7FZ5MuKdMibKyHiaFtw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. <span style="color: black;">按照</span>病人的理解能力和认知<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>合适的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>:大部分成年病人都能够理解和<span style="color: black;">运用</span>数字<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>量表,儿童和老人可能<span style="color: black;">更易</span>理解面容表情<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>量表(faces pain scale-revised, FPSR)(见图2)。对<span style="color: black;">不可</span>用言语沟通和认知<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>的病人,<span style="color: black;">日前</span>有<span style="color: black;">行径</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>量表(behavioral pain scale, BPS) 和重症监护<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>观察<span style="color: black;">工具</span>(critical care pain observationtool, CPOT)。<span style="color: black;">各样</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>各有优缺点,医护人员应<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>对象的人群特点进行<span style="color: black;">恰当</span><span style="color: black;">选取</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. <span style="color: black;">选取</span>了合适的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>,在全程<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理中应连续<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>医、护、患<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>结果的一致性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(三)<span style="color: black;">评定</span>内容</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">全面<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>可参照简明<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>量表内容,<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>护理<span style="color: black;">评定</span>的目的重在<span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>及<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗的反应,为制订护理<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>依据,<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>需<span style="color: black;">重视</span>以下方面:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. <span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的<span style="color: black;">通常</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>:<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>部位、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>性质、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">连续</span>时间、使<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>加重和缓解的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>对病人生活质量的影响、有<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">乱用</span>史、心理社会文化。<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人当前的<span style="color: black;">疾患</span>治疗和<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">状况</span>。<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>及护理可<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>的环节。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. <span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>对病人功能活动的影响:未缓解的癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>是<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>持久的负性体验,直接影响病人<span style="color: black;">平常</span>活动能力,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>自理能力、<span style="color: black;">休憩</span>、<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span>、娱乐、社会交往、性生活、家庭角色等方面。护士应<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>对功能活动的影响程度,<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>护理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,满足病人的自理需求,<span style="color: black;">同期</span>给予正确的功能活动<span style="color: black;">指点</span>,预防并发症。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. <span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>对病人心理<span style="color: black;">心情</span>的影响:慢性<span style="color: black;">繁杂</span>的癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">一般</span>会使病人产生焦虑、<span style="color: black;">懊丧</span>、烦躁、<span style="color: black;">愧疚</span>、绝望,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">自s</span>倾向,这些<span style="color: black;">心情</span>改变又会加重病人对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的感知和体验。<span style="color: black;">因此呢</span>,护士应<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人的心理<span style="color: black;">心情</span>状态,倾听病人的感受,<span style="color: black;">查询</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>,<span style="color: black;">即时</span>给予专业<span style="color: black;">指点</span>,并<span style="color: black;">供给</span>心理社会支持。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4. <span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗的态度和依从性:在癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中,病人愿不愿意向医护人员报告<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>以及<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>遵医嘱按时服药是<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>能否得到有效缓解的<span style="color: black;">重要</span>环节之一。在规范治疗的前提下,护士应<span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人的遵医<span style="color: black;">行径</span>,<span style="color: black;">针对</span>忍痛不说、未按时服药、<span style="color: black;">自动</span><span style="color: black;">减少</span>、延迟用药、<span style="color: black;">自动</span>停药、拒绝服药的病人,能够<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,分析<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">供给</span>有针对性的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>其在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗中的依从性,<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗的顺利进行。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5. <span style="color: black;">评定</span>社会家庭支持系统在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>家属在癌症病人的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗中起着<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>。护士应<span style="color: black;">评定</span>家属对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗的知识和态度,以充分调动其在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中的积极<span style="color: black;">功效</span>,<span style="color: black;">一起</span>促进<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理<span style="color: black;">目的</span>的实现。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">4、</span>记录</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)记录原则</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>是一个连续的过程,应遵循动态<span style="color: black;">评定</span>的原则,即<span style="color: black;">评定</span>、<span style="color: black;">干涉</span>、再<span style="color: black;">评定</span>。再<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">干涉</span>的效果和<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应。护士应<span style="color: black;">即时</span>记录结果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)记录<span style="color: black;">办法</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span>癌症病人的第五项生命指征,与体温、心率、脉搏、血压整合记录在生命指征记录单中(见图3)。在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>记录部分可<span style="color: black;">表示</span>病人的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度、24 小时<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>加重<span style="color: black;">必须</span>处置的次数以及<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>处置后缓解程度,便于医护人员连续<span style="color: black;">把握</span>病人的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>变化,并为<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span><span style="color: black;">供给</span>依据。<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>中的其他问题<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>部位、性质、对生活质量的影响等可记录在护理记录单里。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/olMDHtXgmVu9kblfMgdsVf882OS2ia56tP0vAVfTUwwAWiaGl9s6WTrNCicPKibVlubDzYsrojXAGVcundtubMyqWw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">5、</span>筛查、<span style="color: black;">评定</span>及记录的规范和流程</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)筛查、<span style="color: black;">评定</span>及记录规范</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">护士接诊病人需进行<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>筛查,<span style="color: black;">没</span>痛病人在接诊对应时间点记录“0”,<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人(<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>稳定的病人)记录过去24 小时的基础<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人需进行全面<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>,首次<span style="color: black;">评定</span>应在病人入院8 小时内完成,<span style="color: black;">评定</span>内容参照简明<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>量表(BPI),并记录。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">护士应教会病人<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>并正确<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">对<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度NRS 评分超过3 分的病人,应进行每<span style="color: black;">平常</span>规<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>加重<span style="color: black;">必须</span>处置的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度、次数及处置后的缓解<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,记录在生命体征单下方的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>记录栏里。其他内容可记录在护理记录单中。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">对<span style="color: black;">必须</span>连续<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度的病人,可开具<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>等级<span style="color: black;">评定</span>和<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>护理护(医)嘱。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">每日2 pm 护士<span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人过去24 小时的<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度,记录在2 pm 对应时间点上。当病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>加重<span style="color: black;">必须</span>处置,随时<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度,记录在相应时间点上。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>加重给予<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>处置后,应<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">评估</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>缓解<span style="color: black;">状况</span>并记录。<span style="color: black;">区别</span>给药途径<span style="color: black;">评估</span>时间<span style="color: black;">区别</span>,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>口服给药在给药后60 分钟<span style="color: black;">评估</span>,经皮下肌内给药在给药后30 分钟<span style="color: black;">评估</span>,经静脉给药在给药后15 分钟<span style="color: black;">评估</span>效果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">当<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>稳定,连续3 天内<span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度NRS 评分不超过3 分,可停止<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>和记录。再次<span style="color: black;">显现</span>3 分以上<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>强度按<span style="color: black;">以上</span><span style="color: black;">需求</span>进行常规<span style="color: black;">评定</span>和记录。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">住院<span style="color: black;">时期</span>因病情变化<span style="color: black;">引起</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>部位、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>性质等<span style="color: black;">出现</span>改变时,<span style="color: black;">必须</span>进行再次全面<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>。病情<span style="color: black;">安稳</span>的癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人可每2 周进行一次全面<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,密切观察<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>的不良反应,给予预防及应对<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的<span style="color: black;">指点</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>便秘、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留等;<span style="color: black;">同期</span>关注辅助<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>的不良反应,如抗惊厥<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的眩晕,抗抑郁<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>的震颤等,如<span style="color: black;">显现</span>不良反应,遵医嘱处理并记录。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">住院<span style="color: black;">时期</span>病人如需进行大换药、穿刺等诊疗手段,可能诱发<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>,遵医嘱提前给予预防<span style="color: black;">办法</span>,并记录。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span><span style="color: black;">不良</span>的病人,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>NRS评分超过3 分、24 小时<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>加重<span style="color: black;">必须</span>处置的次数超过3 次,应有交接班记录。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)筛查、<span style="color: black;">评定</span>、记录流程(见图4)</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/olMDHtXgmVu9kblfMgdsVf882OS2ia56tdoNbJe5PS44l0vX5mqqQpOickNcEjeIucKb9GFiau0VPEBrttdMtB99A/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">6、</span>护理</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)给药护理</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. 给药途径</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">首选口服给药,在病人存在吞咽困难或口服<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受的<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下可<span style="color: black;">选取</span>其他给药途径,如皮下、静脉、直肠给药等。经皮给药途径适用于<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>稳定且阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>耐受的病人。<span style="color: black;">显现</span>爆发<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>或<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>危象,可给予皮下注射或静脉给药,以快速缓解疼痛。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. 给药时间</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">针对</span>慢性癌痛病人,护士应<span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人按规<span style="color: black;">按时</span>间间隔规律<span style="color: black;">吃下</span><span style="color: black;">止疼</span>药,按时给药可维持有效的血药浓度;中重度<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>应以控(缓)释阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">做为</span><span style="color: black;">基本</span>用药,在滴定和<span style="color: black;">显现</span>爆发痛时,可给予即释阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>处理;如<span style="color: black;">初始</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>即释阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>进行滴定的癌痛病人,24 h <span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>稳定后应转换为等效剂量的口服控(缓)释阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>按时<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. 透皮贴剂的<span style="color: black;">运用</span></span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">透皮贴剂常用于<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>相对稳定的慢性癌痛病人维持用药,<span style="color: black;">药品</span>经皮肤<span style="color: black;">连续</span>释放,一次用药维持<span style="color: black;">功效</span>时间达72 h。初次用药后4 ~ 6 h <span style="color: black;">生效</span>,12 ~ 24 h 达稳定血药浓度。护理中应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:①部位<span style="color: black;">选取</span>:<span style="color: black;">选取</span>躯体平坦、干燥、体毛少、易于粘贴、<span style="color: black;">很难</span>松脱的部位,如前胸、后背、上臂和大腿内侧。②粘贴<span style="color: black;">过程</span>:粘贴前用清水清洁皮肤,不<span style="color: black;">运用</span>肥皂或酒精擦拭;待皮肤干燥后打开密封袋,取出贴剂,先撕下<span style="color: black;">守护</span>膜,不要接触粘贴层,将贴剂平整地贴于皮肤上;用手掌按压30 秒,<span style="color: black;">保准</span>边缘紧贴皮肤。③每72 h 更换贴剂,更换时应重新<span style="color: black;">选取</span>部位。④贴剂局部不可直接接触热源,<span style="color: black;">连续</span>高热病人可<span style="color: black;">思虑</span>缩短贴剂更换间隔。⑤芬太尼透皮贴剂禁止剪切<span style="color: black;">运用</span>。⑥用后的贴剂需将粘贴面对折放回药袋处理。⑦<span style="color: black;">重视</span>观察<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应并记录。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4. <span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应的预防、观察及护理</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(1)对<span style="color: black;">长时间</span>大剂量<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>非甾体抗炎药的病人,<span style="color: black;">通知</span>如有胃肠道不适或症状加重时<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">通告</span>医护人员;密切观察有<span style="color: black;">没</span><span style="color: black;">流血</span>征象、有<span style="color: black;">没</span>黑便或柏油样便、进行性乏力、黑曚等;监测肝肾功能;<span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人应严格<span style="color: black;">根据</span>医嘱剂量<span style="color: black;">运用</span>,不可<span style="color: black;">自动</span>加量。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(2)便秘是阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>最<span style="color: black;">平常</span>的不良反应之一。护理应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:①<span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人在<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">止疼</span>药<span style="color: black;">时期</span>按时<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>缓泻剂预防便秘。②全面<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>便秘的<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,判断其他可能<span style="color: black;">导致</span>或加重便秘的<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">膳食</span>缺乏纤维素、发热、脱水、脊髓压迫、电解质<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>、直肠或肛门神经肌肉功能<span style="color: black;">阻碍</span>、抗酸药、铁剂等<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>等。③连续<span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人的排便<span style="color: black;">状况</span>,一</span><span style="color: black;">旦<span style="color: black;">出现</span>便秘,能够及早<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,正确处理。口服缓泻剂<span style="color: black;">一般</span>睡前<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>,用量以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>病人每1 ~ 2 天排出成形软便为准。需强调的是直肠栓剂仅用于解除急性粪便嵌塞,不<span style="color: black;">意见</span>用于常规预防和处理癌痛病人的便秘。④严重便秘可能<span style="color: black;">显现</span>粪便嵌塞,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span>继发肠梗阻。护士应能够全面<span style="color: black;">评定</span>、准确判断和正确处理,<span style="color: black;">显现</span>粪便嵌塞或肠梗阻时禁止<span style="color: black;">运用</span>刺激性泻剂。⑤鼓励病人<span style="color: black;">摄食</span>粗纤维<span style="color: black;">食品</span>、多饮水、养成规律排便的习惯及适量活动等。⑥为卧床病人<span style="color: black;">供给</span>隐秘的排便环境和合适的便器。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(3)恶心呕吐多见于初次<span style="color: black;">运用</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的病人,<span style="color: black;">一般</span>用药4 ~ 7 天可<span style="color: black;">自动</span>缓解。护理应<span style="color: black;">重视</span>:①对初次用药的病人应做好解释,<span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人按时<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>预防用药。②全面<span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">导致</span>病人<span style="color: black;">出现</span>恶心呕吐的其他<span style="color: black;">原因</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在化疗<span style="color: black;">关联</span>的延迟性恶心呕吐、<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>正在口服抗肿瘤<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、有<span style="color: black;">没</span>脱水、电解质<span style="color: black;">错乱</span>、脑转移、肠梗阻等问题,如有<span style="color: black;">知道</span>病因应及早<span style="color: black;">发掘</span>,<span style="color: black;">协同</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span>积极预防、纠正或治疗。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(4)<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">时期</span>,如病人<span style="color: black;">显现</span>尿潴留、肌阵挛、皮肤瘙痒等<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应,<span style="color: black;">即时</span>给予护理<span style="color: black;">指点</span>,遵医嘱正确处理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(5)过度镇静与<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>是阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的不良反应之一。初次<span style="color: black;">运用</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>及<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>剂量的病人,可表现出思睡、嗜睡,<span style="color: black;">通常</span>数日后<span style="color: black;">自动</span>消失。<span style="color: black;">有些</span>高危人群容易<span style="color: black;">显现</span>过度镇静,<span style="color: black;">乃至</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>经静脉给阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、肝肾功能衰竭、<span style="color: black;">睡觉</span><span style="color: black;">呼气</span>暂停综合征、<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>美沙酮、<span style="color: black;">吃下</span>镇静剂、<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>系统感染及<span style="color: black;">肥壮</span>病人。护理上应密切监测病人</span><span style="color: black;">的镇静程度,连续<span style="color: black;">评定</span>并记录;如镇静程度严重,<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">通告</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">调节</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>剂量;在初次用药或<span style="color: black;">显著</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>剂量后超过2 ~ 3 天仍有<span style="color: black;">显著</span>镇静表现,<span style="color: black;">帮助</span><span style="color: black;">大夫</span><span style="color: black;">查询</span>其他<span style="color: black;">原由</span>,<span style="color: black;">是不是</span><span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>其他镇静<span style="color: black;">药品</span>、有<span style="color: black;">没</span>中枢神经系统病变、高钙血症、脱水、感染、缺氧等。一旦<span style="color: black;">显现</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>过量<span style="color: black;">导致</span>的<span style="color: black;">呼气</span><span style="color: black;">控制</span>,护士应能够<span style="color: black;">即时</span><span style="color: black;">发掘</span>、准确判断、遵医嘱给予正确处理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">判断标准<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:有阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>用药史;病人对躯体刺激<span style="color: black;">无</span>反应;<span style="color: black;">呼气</span>次数<span style="color: black;">少于</span>8 次/ 分;针尖样瞳孔。解救<span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>刺激(如刺激角膜、用力拍打病人等)和<span style="color: black;">运用</span>纳洛酮。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)非<span style="color: black;">药品</span>护理<span style="color: black;">办法</span>的应用</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">在癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中,对癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人,非<span style="color: black;">药品</span></span><span style="color: black;">疗法<span style="color: black;">一般</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>取代<span style="color: black;">药品</span>治疗。但恰当应用非<span style="color: black;">药品</span>疗法常常<span style="color: black;">能够</span>起到较好的辅助<span style="color: black;">止疼</span>效果,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>按摩、冷热敷、经皮神经电刺激、放松训练、转移和分散<span style="color: black;">重视</span>力、冥想、催眠等。护士应<span style="color: black;">把握</span><span style="color: black;">有些</span>常用的非<span style="color: black;">药品</span>疗法,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>其<span style="color: black;">运用</span>范围及操作<span style="color: black;">办法</span>。<span style="color: black;">同期</span>教会病人和家属,在病人居家<span style="color: black;">时期</span>,恰当<span style="color: black;">运用</span>有助于缓解<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">7、</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(一)原则</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. <span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育应贯穿在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗全程。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. <span style="color: black;">按照</span>病人的语言习惯、文化程度及理解能力,<span style="color: black;">选取</span>合适的教育形式,<span style="color: black;">保证</span>所传递的信息能够被充分理解和接受。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. <span style="color: black;">按照</span>病人在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗中的态度、<span style="color: black;">行径</span>及<span style="color: black;">把握</span>的知识、<span style="color: black;">评定</span>其<span style="color: black;">详细</span>问题和需求,制订个体化的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育计划。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4. <span style="color: black;">按照</span>病人在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗的<span style="color: black;">区别</span>阶段<span style="color: black;">供给</span>相应的信息支持。如新发<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>的病人,护士<span style="color: black;">通知</span>病人<span style="color: black;">没</span>需忍痛,并教会病人准确<span style="color: black;">报告</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>。在病人<span style="color: black;">吃下</span><span style="color: black;">止疼</span>药<span style="color: black;">周期</span>,用药<span style="color: black;">指点</span>和应对<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应则是<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育的重点。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5. 家属在<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中发挥<span style="color: black;">要紧</span><span style="color: black;">功效</span>,护士在<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育时,对象应<span style="color: black;">包含</span>家属。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6. <span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育应遵循<span style="color: black;">必定</span>程序,即<span style="color: black;">评定</span>、计划、实施及<span style="color: black;">评估</span>,<span style="color: black;">保准</span>教育<span style="color: black;">办法</span>达到预期效果。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(二)内容</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. 让病人<span style="color: black;">认识</span><span style="color: black;">没</span>需忍痛的观念,<span style="color: black;">通知</span>病人<span style="color: black;">病痛</span></span><span style="color: black;">缓解对生活、治疗及<span style="color: black;">恢复</span>的<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>性,鼓励病人表达<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>感受。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. <span style="color: black;">选取</span>正确合适的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">工具</span>,教会病人使</span><span style="color: black;">用,以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>病人在全程<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>中能够准确<span style="color: black;">即时</span>地向医护人员<span style="color: black;">报告</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. <span style="color: black;">指点</span>病人正确服药,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>的<span style="color: black;">功效</span>、服药</span><span style="color: black;">时间、<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应、预防<span style="color: black;">办法</span>及自我护理要点,必要时<span style="color: black;">供给</span>文字说明。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4. 主动与病人讨论其<span style="color: black;">运用</span>阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>的顾虑和</span><span style="color: black;">担忧,给予正确解释,以消除顾虑,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>治疗依从性,<span style="color: black;">保准</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗顺利进行。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5. <span style="color: black;">供给</span>出院后<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">看病</span>信息:<span style="color: black;">包含</span>病人出院后</span><span style="color: black;">的取药方式及流程,<span style="color: black;">保准</span>出院后<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗的连续性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6. <span style="color: black;">通知</span>病人出院<span style="color: black;">时期</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span>以下<span style="color: black;">状况</span>应<span style="color: black;">即时</span>与医</span><span style="color: black;">护人员联系,<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:取药或服药过程中<span style="color: black;">显现</span>任何问题、新<span style="color: black;">显现</span>的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">出现</span>变化、现有<span style="color: black;">药品</span><span style="color: black;">不可</span>缓解<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>、严重的恶心呕吐、3 天未排便、<span style="color: black;">白日</span>易睡很难唤醒、<span style="color: black;">认识</span>模糊等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">7. <span style="color: black;">通知</span>病人和家属:阿片类<span style="color: black;">药品</span>在家中需单</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">安置</span>、妥善保管、<span style="color: black;">小心</span><span style="color: black;">运用</span>。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">8. <span style="color: black;">通知</span>病人<span style="color: black;">逝去</span>后,家属应将剩余的阿片类<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>交回原医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>,按<span style="color: black;">关联</span>规定处理。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">(三)形式</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">团体教育覆盖面广,收效高,便于病人之间的</span><span style="color: black;">交流和讨论。医疗<span style="color: black;">公司</span>或护理单元应<span style="color: black;">定时</span>组织<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育课堂,对<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人和家属存在的共性信息需求进行讲解,<span style="color: black;">包含</span><span style="color: black;">怎样</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>、常用<span style="color: black;">止疼</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>服药<span style="color: black;">重视</span>事项、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应及应对、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>门诊的信息、<span style="color: black;">平常</span>顾虑解析等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">个体化教育是临床最常用<span style="color: black;">亦</span>是最有效的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span></span><span style="color: black;">教育的实践方式。护士应基于病人的<span style="color: black;">详细</span>问题和需求<span style="color: black;">供给</span>有针对性地教育和辅导,<span style="color: black;">加强</span>病人的治疗依从性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">多种教育形式联合应用。讲课、讨论、咨询等</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">办法</span>可面对面传递信息;文字、<span style="color: black;">照片</span>、展板、书册等简明清晰,便于<span style="color: black;">保留</span>、学习和传阅;现代视听系统、多<span style="color: black;">媒介</span>、网络教育可扩大信息传播的覆盖面,且生</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">动直观。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人出院时,护士应<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>教育指导手册,内容应<span style="color: black;">包含</span>:病人出院后<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>用药<span style="color: black;">指点</span>、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>门诊就诊流程、<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>加重及<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受<span style="color: black;">状况</span>下的紧急咨询<span style="color: black;">tel</span>等。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">8、</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>随访</span></strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">癌痛病人的全程管理中,出院后随访是<span style="color: black;">要紧</span>组</span><span style="color: black;">成部分。<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>随访需<span style="color: black;">重视</span>以下方面:</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">1. <span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人出院时,医护人员应与病人和家属</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">一起</span>制订随访计划,<span style="color: black;">供给</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>咨询<span style="color: black;">tel</span>,安排<span style="color: black;">定时</span>到门诊随访,或由医护人员<span style="color: black;">经过</span><span style="color: black;">tel</span>、视频、上门等方式<span style="color: black;">供给</span>主动随访。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">2. <span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span>病人出院后由<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>门诊统一随访,</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">必须</span>有从病区到<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>门诊的转接流程,以<span style="color: black;">保准</span>病人信息及随访支持系统的连续性。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">3. 随访间隔<span style="color: black;">按照</span>病人的<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>和用药<span style="color: black;">状况</span><span style="color: black;">恰当</span></span><span style="color: black;">安排。对初次用药和<span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>不稳定的病人,应于出院3 天内进行<span style="color: black;">第1</span>次随访。随着<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>缓解或<span style="color: black;">安稳</span>,可适当延长随访间隔,可每 1 ~ 2 周进行一次随访。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">4. <span style="color: black;">病痛</span>随访人员应相对固定,需经过专业培训,</span><span style="color: black;">具备癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>管理经验。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">5. 随访内容<span style="color: black;">重点</span><span style="color: black;">包含</span>病人当前<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>及缓解<span style="color: black;">状况</span>、<span style="color: black;">吃下</span><span style="color: black;">止疼</span>药<span style="color: black;">状况</span>、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应。<span style="color: black;">倘若</span><span style="color: black;">病痛</span><span style="color: black;">掌控</span>不良需进行全面<span style="color: black;">评定</span>,以确定<span style="color: black;">是不是</span>存在<span style="color: black;">止疼</span>不足、服药时间和<span style="color: black;">办法</span>不正确、带药不足、<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应<span style="color: black;">不可</span>耐受等问题,<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>给予相应<span style="color: black;">指点</span>或安排就诊。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">6. 规范记录随访内容,记录应连续,每一次随访结束<span style="color: black;">按照</span><span style="color: black;">详细</span><span style="color: black;">状况</span>预定下一次随访时间,如终止随访应写明<span style="color: black;">原由</span>。随访记录格式可参考癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>记</span><span style="color: black;">录单(见表2)。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">7. <span style="color: black;">意见</span>病人记录<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>日记,记录居家<span style="color: black;">时期</span>的疼</span><span style="color: black;">痛变化、服药<span style="color: black;">状况</span>以及<span style="color: black;">药品</span>不良反应的程度,以便接受随访时向医护人员<span style="color: black;">供给</span>准确的信息。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">8. 在门诊随访中,医护人员可<span style="color: black;">运用</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>计数的</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: black;">办法</span><span style="color: black;">评定</span>病人的服药依从性。<span style="color: black;">针对</span><span style="color: black;">显现</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>不恰当<span style="color: black;">运用</span>或有<span style="color: black;">乱用</span><span style="color: black;">药品</span>高危<span style="color: black;">原因</span>的病人,可适当减少处方量<span style="color: black;">同期</span><span style="color: black;">增多</span>门诊随访的频次。</span></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/olMDHtXgmVu9kblfMgdsVf882OS2ia56tKSAzMXL5om3GrAk6ybAQLm0ZpmFNnCIMLQp21Opic3asHrUov4AmG6g/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><span style="color: black;">参考文献(略)</span></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Ljib4So7yuWgu59cF8IicIGFoyibHSjIGianlGqorjia9bctqOYkGoqyAneYmQfNeES2X6INIrvPxWmA5UhSxuVy3Gg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;"><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Ljib4So7yuWgu59cF8IicIGFoyibHSjIGianAxoOC9FoTdsicwmia9IDOAr5mjjiaXjziaBCsib1pQB8ibv8tZH01hxReoBg/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;">文案</span><span style="color: black;">源自</span></strong>:《中国<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>医学杂志》2018年第23卷第9期,指南与规范栏目《北京市癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>护理专家共识(2018 版)》。编者:北京护理学会肿瘤专业委员会 北京市<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>治疗质量<span style="color: black;">掌控</span>和改进中心。</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">北京市癌症<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>护理专家共识(2018 版)编写组名单(按姓氏笔画排序):</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">王云(北京大学肿瘤医院中西医结合暨老年肿瘤科)、王兆霞(煤炭总医院护理部)、王培(北京医院肿瘤科)、冯葳(中国人民解放军总医院肿瘤中心)、田红梅(首都医科大学<span style="color: black;">附庸</span>北京世纪坛医院护理部)、许丽媛(中日友好医院<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>科)、陆宇晗(北京大学肿瘤医院护理部)、张红(北京大学肿瘤医院护理部)、杨阳(中日友好医院<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>科)、何瑞仙(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院护理部)、易慧娟(中国人民解放军第307 医院消化肿瘤科)、陈雅枚(北京大学第三医院肿瘤科)、国仁秀(北京大学肿瘤医院消化肿瘤内科)、郑莹(北京协和医院肿瘤内科)、赵菁(中日友好医院护理部)、樊碧发(中日友好医院<span style="color: black;">病痛</span>科)</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;">△ 通讯作者 陆宇晗lu_yuhan@sina.com;樊碧发 fbf1616@yeah.net</p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">______________________________</strong></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px; color: black; line-height: 40px; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 15px;"><strong style="color: blue;">本刊编辑:赵 磊</strong></p><img src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/Ljib4So7yuWjJMFZuLke2WU5NvicLic9Gbc5xJBluiaadp6bWfPcZnYFH2YicwMvVibTMQ5XyCkos20uCtn19uklRXAw/640?wx_fmt=png&tp=webp&wxfrom=5&wx_lazy=1&wx_co=1" style="width: 50%; margin-bottom: 20px;">
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